Rotary Airlock Valves and How it Work
Category : Info
Rotary Airlock Valves and How It Work
Rotary airlock valves are also called rotary feeders, rotary valves, or just rotary airlocks. Used in both pressure style and vacuum style pneumatic conveying systems, these valves serve as a “lock” to prevent air loss while simultaneously performing vital material handling functions. Though simple, the rotary airlock valve is a critical component to the efficiency of a conveying system. It’s important to remember that not all rotary valves are necessarily rotary airlock valves – but virtually all rotary airlocks are rotary valves.
What Happens Inside a Rotary Airlock Valve
The vanes, or metal blades, of a rotary airlock valve turn (rotate) during operation. As they do, pockets form between them. The material being handled enters the pockets through the inlet port before rotating around inside the valve and then exiting through the outlet port. In an airlock valve, air is sealed (locked) between the inlet and outlet ports. This allows the materials to travel downward through the valve from the inlet to the outlet port while restricting the airflow. Material is moved continuously through the presence of a constant air pressure between the ports. This pressure or vacuum difference must be maintained within the valve for proper function.
A Few Words About the Rotor Assembly
The rotor assembly in a rotary airlock valve consists of a set of blades welded to a rotary shaft. The rotor assembly in a rotary airlock valve is sometimes referred to as a the paddle wheel, impeller, or flipper. A six-vane rotor has six metal blades attached to the shaft, an eight-vane rotor has eight, and so on. A valve with more vanes tends to have greater sealing ability than one with less. As the number of blades increases, however, the size of the pockets between them decreases. Larger pocket size is ideal for processing larger materials or materials that tend to stick or pack together when compressed. Heavier materials and materials that flow quickly are not as greatly affected by the number of vanes and subsequent pocket size. It’s important to talk with a professional to figure out the optimal setup for the specific materials you’ll be handling. Another thing to discuss is whether you will need an open-end or closed-end rotor. In general, open-ended units are better suited for easy-flowing non-abrasive materials and closed-ended setups work best for materials that may have issues with flowing smoothly.
The Effects of Improperly Applied and Worn Airlocks
Airlocks, while simple, are an indispensable part of certain material conveying and processing operations. Using one incorrectly can cause machinery to suffer undue wear and operate less efficiently. It can also lead to increased costs due to extra maintenance and operator working hours. In the worst case, it can cause equipment to break or malfunction to the point that downtime is necessary.
Common Causes of Airlock Valve Wear
Wear-and-tear to the rotor, housing, or both is one of the leading causes of airlock valve failure. Processing abrasive materials causes cumulative damage to the surfaces inside the valve. Surface drag abrasion occurs when materials are trapped between two surfaces moving in different directions. It can also be the result of any kind of surface-on-surface contact where abrasive materials are between the two planes. Pneumatic assisted abrasion occurs when turbulent air, or “blow-by,” develops at the outlet port when using a pneumatic conveying system. This misdirected air can cause significant loss of efficiency and issues with material flow. This wayward air can also carry with it abrasive particles that can cause unnecessary damage to valve components.
Selecting the rotary airlock valve that will help your operations achieve optimum efficiency is highly important, so don’t leave it up to chance. Abster Equipment can find or fabricate the perfect valve for your needs. They also perform repairs on existing valves, and will give you honest answers about whether repair or replacement is the better option in your situation.
- May 26, 2020
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Stainless Steel Chemical Compatibility Chart
Category : Info
Please Note: The information in this chart has been supplied by reputable sources and is to be used ONLY as a guide in selecting equipment for appropriate chemical compatibility. ALWAYS test your equipment under the specific conditions of your application before permanent installation.
Ratings of chemical behavior listed in this chart apply at a 48-hr exposure period. We have no knowledge of possible effects beyond this period. We do not warrant (neither express nor implied) that the information in this chart is accurate or complete or that any material is suitable for any purpose.
| Chemical | Compatibility |
| Acetaldehyde | A-Excellent |
| Acetamide | B-Good |
| Acetate Solvent | A-Excellent |
| Acetic Acid | D-Severe Effect |
| Acetic Acid 20% | B-Good |
| Acetic Acid 80% | D-Severe Effect |
| Acetic Acid, Glacial | C-Fair |
| Acetic Anhydride | B-Good |
| Acetone | A-Excellent |
| Acetyl Bromide | N/A |
| Acetyl Chloride (dry) | A-Excellent |
| Acetylene | A-Excellent |
| Acrylonitrile | A1-Excellent |
| Adipic Acid | A1-Excellent |
| Alcohols: Amyl | A-Excellent |
| Alcohols: Benzyl | B-Good |
| Alcohols: Butyl | A-Excellent |
| Alcohols: Diacetone | A-Excellent |
| Alcohols: Ethyl | A-Excellent |
| Alcohols: Hexyl | A-Excellent |
| Alcohols: Isobutyl | A-Excellent |
| Alcohols: Isopropyl | B-Good |
| Alcohols: Methyl | A-Excellent |
| Alcohols: Octyl | A-Excellent |
| Alcohols: Propyl | A-Excellent |
| Aluminum Chloride | B-Good |
| Aluminum Chloride 20% | D-Severe Effect |
| Aluminum Fluoride | D-Severe Effect |
| Aluminum Hydroxide | A1-Excellent |
| Aluminum Nitrate | A-Excellent |
| Aluminum Potassium Sulfate 10% | A-Excellent |
| Aluminum Potassium Sulfate 100% | D-Severe Effect |
| Aluminum Sulfate | B-Good |
| Alums | N/A |
| Amines | A-Excellent |
| Ammonia 10% | A-Excellent |
| Ammonia Nitrate | A-Excellent |
| Ammonia, anhydrous | A-Excellent |
| Ammonia, liquid | B2-Good |
| Ammonium Acetate | B-Good |
| Ammonium Bifluoride | D-Severe Effect |
| Ammonium Carbonate | B-Good |
| Ammonium Caseinate | N/A |
| Ammonium Chloride | C-Fair |
| Ammonium Hydroxide | A1-Excellent |
| Ammonium Nitrate | A1-Excellent |
| Ammonium Oxalate | A-Excellent |
| Ammonium Persulfate | A-Excellent |
| Ammonium Phosphate, Dibasic | B-Good |
| Ammonium Phosphate, Monobasic | B-Good |
| Ammonium Phosphate, Tribasic | B-Good |
| Ammonium Sulfate | B-Good |
| Ammonium Sulfite | B-Good |
| Ammonium Thiosulfate | N/A |
| Amyl Acetate | A1-Excellent |
| Amyl Alcohol | A-Excellent |
| Amyl Chloride | A2-Excellent |
| Aniline | A-Excellent |
| Aniline Hydrochloride | D-Severe Effect |
| Antifreeze | N/A |
| Antimony Trichloride | D-Severe Effect |
| Aqua Regia (80% HCl, 20% HNO3) | D-Severe Effect |
| Arochlor 1248 | B-Good |
| Aromatic Hydrocarbons | N/A |
| Arsenic Acid | A2-Excellent |
| Arsenic Salts | N/A |
| Asphalt | B-Good |
| Barium Carbonate | B1-Good |
| Barium Chloride | A1-Excellent |
| Barium Cyanide | A1-Excellent |
| Barium Hydroxide | B1-Good |
| Barium Nitrate | B1-Good |
| Barium Sulfate | B1-Good |
| Barium Sulfide | B1-Good |
| Beer | A-Excellent |
| Beet Sugar Liquids | A-Excellent |
| Benzaldehyde | B-Good |
| Benzene | B-Good |
| Benzene Sulfonic Acid | B-Good |
| Benzoic Acid | B-Good |
| Benzol | A1-Excellent |
| Benzonitrile | D-Severe Effect |
| Benzyl Chloride | C1-Fair |
| Bleaching Liquors | N/A |
| Borax (Sodium Borate) | A-Excellent |
| Boric Acid | B2-Good |
| Brewery Slop | N/A |
| Bromine | D-Severe Effect |
| Butadiene | A-Excellent |
| Butane | A2-Excellent |
| Butanol (Butyl Alcohol) | A-Excellent |
| Butter | C-Fair |
| Buttermilk | A-Excellent |
| Butyl Amine | N/A |
| Butyl Ether | N/A |
| Butyl Phthalate | B1-Good |
| Butylacetate | B-Good |
| Butylene | A-Excellent |
| Butyric Acid | B2-Good |
| Calcium Bisulfate | N/A |
| Calcium Bisulfide | B-Good |
| Calcium Bisulfite | B-Good |
| Calcium Carbonate | A1-Excellent |
| Calcium Chlorate | N/A |
| Calcium Chloride | C2-Fair |
| Calcium Hydroxide | B1-Good |
| Calcium Hypochlorite | C1-Fair |
| Calcium Nitrate | C1-Fair |
| Calcium Oxide | A-Excellent |
| Calcium Sulfate | B-Good |
| Calgon | A-Excellent |
| Cane Juice | A-Excellent |
| Carbolic Acid (Phenol) | B-Good |
| Carbon Bisulfide | A-Excellent |
| Carbon Dioxide (dry) | A-Excellent |
| Carbon Dioxide (wet) | A-Excellent |
| Carbon Disulfide | A1-Excellent |
| Carbon Monoxide | A-Excellent |
| Carbon Tetrachloride | B-Good |
| Carbon Tetrachloride (dry) | B-Good |
| Carbon Tetrachloride (wet) | A2-Excellent |
| Carbonated Water | A-Excellent |
| Carbonic Acid | A1-Excellent |
| Catsup | A-Excellent |
| Chloric Acid | D-Severe Effect |
| Chlorinated Glue | N/A |
| Chlorine (dry) | A1-Excellent |
| Chlorine Water | C-Fair |
| Chlorine, Anhydrous Liquid | C1-Fair |
| Chloroacetic Acid | B1-Good |
| Chlorobenzene (Mono) | A-Excellent |
| Chlorobromomethane | N/A |
| Chloroform | A-Excellent |
| Chlorosulfonic Acid | D-Severe Effect |
| Chocolate Syrup | A-Excellent |
| Chromic Acid 10% | B-Good |
| Chromic Acid 30% | B2-Good |
| Chromic Acid 5% | B-Good |
| Chromic Acid 50% | C-Fair |
| Chromium Salts | N/A |
| Cider | A-Excellent |
| Citric Acid | B1-Good |
| Citric Oils | A-Excellent |
| Cloroxr (Bleach) | A-Excellent |
| Coffee | A-Excellent |
| Copper Chloride | D-Severe Effect |
| Copper Cyanide | B-Good |
| Copper Fluoborate | D-Severe Effect |
| Copper Nitrate | A-Excellent |
| Copper Sulfate>5% | B-Good |
| Copper Sulfate 5% | B-Good |
| Cream | A-Excellent |
| Cresols | A2-Excellent |
| Cresylic Acid | A1-Excellent |
| Cupric Acid | D-Severe Effect |
| Cyanic Acid | A-Excellent |
| Cyclohexane | A1-Excellent |
| Cyclohexanone | A1-Excellent |
| Detergents | A1-Excellent |
| Diacetone Alcohol | B1-Good |
| Dichlorobenzene | N/A |
| Dichloroethane | B-Good |
| Diesel Fuel | A1-Excellent |
| Diethyl Ether | B1-Good |
| Diethylamine | A-Excellent |
| Diethylene Glycol | A1-Excellent |
| Dimethyl Aniline | B2-Good |
| Dimethyl Formamide | A-Excellent |
| Diphenyl | B-Good |
| Diphenyl Oxide | B1-Good |
| Dyes | A-Excellent |
| Epsom Salts (Magnesium Sulfate) | A-Excellent |
| Ethane | A-Excellent |
| Ethanol | A-Excellent |
| Ethanolamine | A-Excellent |
| Ether | A-Excellent |
| Ethyl Acetate | B-Good |
| Ethyl Benzoate | N/A |
| Ethyl Chloride | A-Excellent |
| Ethyl Ether | B-Good |
| Ethyl Sulfate | D-Severe Effect |
| Ethylene Bromide | A-Excellent |
| Ethylene Chloride | B-Good |
| Ethylene Chlorohydrin | B-Good |
| Ethylene Diamine | B1-Good |
| Ethylene Dichloride | B-Good |
| Ethylene Glycol | B-Good |
| Ethylene Oxide | B-Good |
| Fatty Acids | B-Good |
| Ferric Chloride | D-Severe Effect |
| Ferric Nitrate | B-Good |
| Ferric Sulfate | B1-Good |
| Ferrous Chloride | D-Severe Effect |
| Ferrous Sulfate | B-Good |
| Fluoboric Acid | B-Good |
| Fluorine | C-Fair |
| Fluosilicic Acid | C-Fair |
| Formaldehyde 100% | C-Fair |
| Formaldehyde 40% | A1-Excellent |
| Formic Acid | B1-Good |
| Freon 113 | N/A |
| Freon 12 | B1-Good |
| Freon 22 | A-Excellent |
| Freon TF | A-Excellent |
| Freonr 11 | A-Excellent |
| Fruit Juice | A-Excellent |
| Fuel Oils | A-Excellent |
| Furan Resin | A1-Excellent |
| Furfural | A-Excellent |
| Gallic Acid | A-Excellent |
| Gasoline (high-aromatic) | A-Excellent |
| Gasoline, leaded, ref. | A1-Excellent |
| Gasoline, unleaded | A1-Excellent |
| Gelatin | A2-Excellent |
| Glucose | A1-Excellent |
| Glue, P.V.A. | A1-Excellent |
| Glycerin | A2-Excellent |
| Glycolic Acid | A-Excellent |
| Gold Monocyanide | A-Excellent |
| Grape Juice | A-Excellent |
| Grease | N/A |
| Heptane | A-Excellent |
| Hexane | A-Excellent |
| Honey | A-Excellent |
| Hydraulic Oil (Petro) | A-Excellent |
| Hydraulic Oil (Synthetic) | A-Excellent |
| Hydrazine | A-Excellent |
| Hydrobromic Acid 100% | D-Severe Effect |
| Hydrobromic Acid 20% | D-Severe Effect |
| Hydrochloric Acid 100% | D-Severe Effect |
| Hydrochloric Acid 20% | D-Severe Effect |
| Hydrochloric Acid 37% | D-Severe Effect |
| Hydrochloric Acid, Dry Gas | D-Severe Effect |
| Hydrocyanic Acid | B1-Good |
| Hydrocyanic Acid (Gas 10%) | N/A |
| Hydrofluoric Acid 100% | B1-Good |
| Hydrofluoric Acid 20% | D-Severe Effect |
| Hydrofluoric Acid 50% | D-Severe Effect |
| Hydrofluoric Acid 75% | D-Severe Effect |
| Hydrofluosilicic Acid 100% | D-Severe Effect |
| Hydrofluosilicic Acid 20% | C2-Fair |
| Hydrogen Gas | A-Excellent |
| Hydrogen Peroxide 10% | B2-Good |
| Hydrogen Peroxide 100% | B2-Good |
| Hydrogen Peroxide 30% | B2-Good |
| Hydrogen Peroxide 50% | B2-Good |
| Hydrogen Sulfide (aqua) | C-Fair |
| Hydrogen Sulfide (dry) | C1-Fair |
| Hydroquinone | B-Good |
| Hydroxyacetic Acid 70% | N/A |
| Ink | C-Fair |
| Iodine | D-Severe Effect |
| Iodine (in alcohol) | N/A |
| Iodoform | A-Excellent |
| Isooctane | A1-Excellent |
| Isopropyl Acetate | C-Fair |
| Isopropyl Ether | A-Excellent |
| Isotane | N/A |
| Jet Fuel (JP3, JP4, JP5) | A-Excellent |
| Kerosene | A-Excellent |
| Ketones | A-Excellent |
| Lacquer Thinners | A1-Excellent |
| Lacquers | A1-Excellent |
| Lactic Acid | B1-Good |
| Lard | A-Excellent |
| Latex | A2-Excellent |
| Lead Acetate | B-Good |
| Lead Nitrate | B1-Good |
| Lead Sulfamate | C-Fair |
| Ligroin | N/A |
| Lime | A-Excellent |
| Linoleic Acid | B-Good |
| Lithium Chloride | A1-Excellent |
| Lithium Hydroxide | B-Good |
| Lubricants | A2-Excellent |
| Lye: Ca(OH)2 Calcium Hydroxide | B1-Good |
| Lye: KOH Potassium Hydroxide | B-Good |
| Lye: NaOH Sodium Hydroxide | B-Good |
| Magnesium Bisulfate | A1-Excellent |
| Magnesium Carbonate | B-Good |
| Magnesium Chloride | D-Severe Effect |
| Magnesium Hydroxide | B-Good |
| Magnesium Nitrate | B-Good |
| Magnesium Oxide | A-Excellent |
| Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salts) | A-Excellent |
| Maleic Acid | A-Excellent |
| Maleic Anhydride | A-Excellent |
| Malic Acid | A-Excellent |
| Manganese Sulfate | B-Good |
| Mash | A-Excellent |
| Mayonnaise | C-Fair |
| Melamine | N/A |
| Mercuric Chloride (dilute) | D-Severe Effect |
| Mercuric Cyanide | C-Fair |
| Mercurous Nitrate | A1-Excellent |
| Mercury | A-Excellent |
| Methane | A-Excellent |
| Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) | A-Excellent |
| Methyl Acetate | A-Excellent |
| Methyl Acetone | A-Excellent |
| Methyl Acrylate | A-Excellent |
| Methyl Alcohol 10% | A-Excellent |
| Methyl Bromide | A-Excellent |
| Methyl Butyl Ketone | A-Excellent |
| Methyl Cellosolve | B-Good |
| Methyl Chloride | A-Excellent |
| Methyl Dichloride | N/A |
| Methyl Ethyl Ketone | A-Excellent |
| Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide | N/A |
| Methyl Isobutyl Ketone | B-Good |
| Methyl Isopropyl Ketone | A-Excellent |
| Methyl Methacrylate | B-Good |
| Methylamine | A-Excellent |
| Methylene Chloride | B-Good |
| Milk | A-Excellent |
| Mineral Spirits | A-Excellent |
| Molasses | A-Excellent |
| Monochloroacetic acid | A1-Excellent |
| Monoethanolamine | A-Excellent |
| Morpholine | N/A |
| Motor oil | A1-Excellent |
| Mustard | A-Excellent |
| Naphtha | A-Excellent |
| Naphthalene | A-Excellent |
| Natural Gas | A-Excellent |
| Nickel Chloride | D-Severe Effect |
| Nickel Nitrate | B-Good |
| Nickel Sulfate | B-Good |
| Nitrating Acid (<15% HNO3) | C-Fair |
| Nitrating Acid (>15% H2SO4) | C-Fair |
| Nitrating Acid (S1% Acid) | C-Fair |
| Nitrating Acid (S15% H2SO4) | C-Fair |
| Nitric Acid (20%) | A-Excellent |
| Nitric Acid (50%) | A2-Excellent |
| Nitric Acid (5-10%) | A-Excellent |
| Nitric Acid (Concentrated) | A1-Excellent |
| Nitrobenzene | B-Good |
| Nitrogen Fertilizer | N/A |
| Nitromethane | A-Excellent |
| Nitrous Acid | B-Good |
| Nitrous Oxide | B-Good |
| Oils: Aniline | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Anise | N/A |
| Oils: Bay | N/A |
| Oils: Bone | N/A |
| Oils: Castor | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Cinnamon | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Citric | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Clove | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Coconut | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Cod Liver | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Corn | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Cottonseed | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Creosote | B-Good |
| Oils: Diesel Fuel Oil (20, 30, 40, 50) | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Fuel Oil (1, 2, 3, 5A, 5B, 6) | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Ginger | D-Severe Effect |
| Oils: Hydraulic Oil (Petro) | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Hydraulic Oil (Synthetic) | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Lemon | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Linseed | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Mineral | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Olive | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Orange | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Palm | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Peanut | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Peppermint | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Pine | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Rapeseed | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Rosin | A1-Excellent |
| Oils: Sesame Seed | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Silicone | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Soybean | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Sperm (whale) | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Tanning | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Transformer | A-Excellent |
| Oils: Turbine | A-Excellent |
| Oleic Acid | A-Excellent |
| Oleum 100% | A-Excellent |
| Oleum 25% | B2-Good |
| Oxalic Acid (cold) | B-Good |
| Ozone | B-Good |
| Palmitic Acid | B1-Good |
| Paraffin | A-Excellent |
| Pentane | C-Fair |
| Perchloric Acid | C-Fair |
| Perchloroethylene | B-Good |
| Petrolatum | A-Excellent |
| Petroleum | A1-Excellent |
| Phenol (10%) | B-Good |
| Phenol (Carbolic Acid) | B-Good |
| Phosphoric Acid (>40%) | D-Severe Effect |
| Phosphoric Acid (crude) | D-Severe Effect |
| Phosphoric Acid (molten) | N/A |
| Phosphoric Acid (S40%) | D-Severe Effect |
| Phosphoric Acid Anhydride | N/A |
| Phosphorus | A2-Excellent |
| Phosphorus Trichloride | A1-Excellent |
| Photographic Developer | A-Excellent |
| Photographic Solutions | D-Severe Effect |
| Phthalic Acid | B2-Good |
| Phthalic Anhydride | A-Excellent |
| Picric Acid | B-Good |
| Plating Solutions, Antimony Plating 130°F | A-Excellent |
| Plating Solutions, Arsenic Plating 110°F | A-Excellent |
| Plating Solutions (Brass): High-Speed Brass Bath 110°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Brass): Regular Brass Bath 100°F | A-Excellent |
| Plating Solutions (Bronze): Cu-Cd Bronze Bath R.T. | A-Excellent |
| Plating Solutions (Bronze): Cu-Sn Bronze Bath 160°F | A-Excellent |
| Plating Solutions (Bronze): Cu-Zn Bronze Bath 100°F | A-Excellent |
| Plating Solutions (Cadmium): Cyanide Bath 90°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Cadmium): Fluoborate Bath 100°F | A-Excellent |
| Plating Solutions, (Chromium): Barrel Chrome Bath 95°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, (Chromium): Black Chrome Bath 115°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, (Chromium): Chromic-Sulfuric Bath 130°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, (Chromium): Fluoride Bath 130°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, (Chromium): Fluosilicate Bath 95°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Copper) (Acid): Copper Fluoborate Bath 120°F | A-Excellent |
| Plating Solutions (Copper) (Acid): Copper Sulfate Bath R.T. | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Copper) (Cyanide): Copper Strike Bath 120°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Copper) (Cyanide): High-Speed Bath 180°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Copper) (Cyanide): Rochelle Salt Bath 150°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Copper) (Misc): Copper (Electroless) | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Copper) (Misc): Copper Pyrophosphate | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Gold): Acid 75°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Gold): Cyanide 150°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Gold): Neutral 75°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, Indium Sulfamate Plating R.T. | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Iron): Ferrous Am Sulfate Bath 150°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Iron): Ferrous Chloride Bath 190°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Iron): Ferrous Sulfate Bath 150°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Iron): Fluoborate Bath 145°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Iron): Sulfamate 140°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Iron): Sulfate-Chloride Bath 160°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, Lead Fluoborate Plating | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, (Nickel): Electroless 200°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, (Nickel): Fluoborate 100-170°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, (Nickel): High-Chloride 130-160°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, (Nickel): Sulfamate 100-140°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, (Nickel): Watts Type 115-160°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Rhodium) 120°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, (Silver) 80-120°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, Tin-Fluoborate Plating 100°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions, Tin-Lead Plating 100°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Zinc): Acid Chloride 140°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Zinc): Acid Fluoborate Bath R.T. | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Zinc): Acid Sulfate Bath 150°F | N/A |
| Plating Solutions (Zinc): Alkaline Cyanide Bath R.T. | N/A |
| Potash (Potassium Carbonate) | B-Good |
| Potassium Bicarbonate | B-Good |
| Potassium Bromide | B-Good |
| Potassium Chlorate | B1-Good |
| Potassium Chloride | B1-Good |
| Potassium Chromate | B1-Good |
| Potassium Cyanide Solutions | B1-Good |
| Potassium Dichromate | B-Good |
| Potassium Ferricyanide | B1-Good |
| Potassium Ferrocyanide | B-Good |
| Potassium Hydroxide (Caustic Potash) | B-Good |
| Potassium Hypochlorite | C1-Fair |
| Potassium Iodide | A1-Excellent |
| Potassium Nitrate | B-Good |
| Potassium Oxalate | B-Good |
| Potassium Permanganate | B1-Good |
| Potassium Sulfate | B1-Good |
| Potassium Sulfide | B-Good |
| Propane (liquefied) | A-Excellent |
| Propylene | B1-Good |
| Propylene Glycol | B-Good |
| Pyridine | A-Excellent |
| Pyrogallic Acid | B2-Good |
| Resorcinal | N/A |
| Rosins | A1-Excellent |
| Rum | A-Excellent |
| Rust Inhibitors | A-Excellent |
| Salad Dressings | A-Excellent |
| Salicylic Acid | B2-Good |
| Salt Brine (NaCl saturated) | B1-Good |
| Sea Water | C-Fair |
| Shellac (Bleached) | A-Excellent |
| Shellac (Orange) | A-Excellent |
| Silicone | A-Excellent |
| Silver Bromide | D-Severe Effect |
| Silver Nitrate | B-Good |
| Soap Solutions | A-Excellent |
| Soda Ash (see Sodium Carbonate) | A-Excellent |
| Sodium Acetate | B-Good |
| Sodium Aluminate | A-Excellent |
| Sodium Benzoate | N/A |
| Sodium Bicarbonate | A-Excellent |
| Sodium Bisulfate | D-Severe Effect |
| Sodium Bisulfite | B1-Good |
| Sodium Borate (Borax) | B2-Good |
| Sodium Bromide | C-Fair |
| Sodium Carbonate | A-Excellent |
| Sodium Chlorate | A-Excellent |
| Sodium Chloride | B-Good |
| Sodium Chromate | B1-Good |
| Sodium Cyanide | A1-Excellent |
| Sodium Ferrocyanide | B-Good |
| Sodium Fluoride | D-Severe Effect |
| Sodium Hydrosulfite | N/A |
| Sodium Hydroxide (20%) | B-Good |
| Sodium Hydroxide (50%) | B-Good |
| Sodium Hydroxide (80%) | C-Fair |
| Sodium Hypochlorite (<20%) | C-Fair |
| Sodium Hypochlorite (100%) | D-Severe Effect |
| Sodium Hyposulfate | A-Excellent |
| Sodium Metaphosphate | A-Excellent |
| Sodium Metasilicate | A-Excellent |
| Sodium Nitrate | B1-Good |
| Sodium Perborate | B-Good |
| Sodium Peroxide | A-Excellent |
| Sodium Polyphosphate | B-Good |
| Sodium Silicate | A-Excellent |
| Sodium Sulfate | B-Good |
| Sodium Sulfide | B-Good |
| Sodium Sulfite | B-Good |
| Sodium Tetraborate | A2-Excellent |
| Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) | A2-Excellent |
| Sorghum | A-Excellent |
| Soy Sauce | A-Excellent |
| Stannic Chloride | D-Severe Effect |
| Stannic Fluoborate | N/A |
| Stannous Chloride | C2-Fair |
| Starch | A-Excellent |
| Stearic Acid | B-Good |
| Stoddard Solvent | A-Excellent |
| Styrene | A-Excellent |
| Sugar (Liquids) | A-Excellent |
| Sulfate (Liquors) | B-Good |
| Sulfur Chloride | D-Severe Effect |
| Sulfur Dioxide | D-Severe Effect |
| Sulfur Dioxide (dry) | D-Severe Effect |
| Sulfur Hexafluoride | N/A |
| Sulfur Trioxide | A-Excellent |
| Sulfur Trioxide (dry) | D-Severe Effect |
| Sulfuric Acid (<10%) | D-Severe Effect |
| Sulfuric Acid (10-75%) | D-Severe Effect |
| Sulfuric Acid (75-100%) | C-Fair |
| Sulfuric Acid (cold concentrated) | C-Fair |
| Sulfuric Acid (hot concentrated) | D-Severe Effect |
| Sulfurous Acid | B1-Good |
| Sulfuryl Chloride | N/A |
| Tallow | A-Excellent |
| Tannic Acid | B1-Good |
| Tanning Liquors | A2-Excellent |
| Tartaric Acid | C2-Fair |
| Tetrachloroethane | B-Good |
| Tetrachloroethylene | N/A |
| Tetrahydrofuran | A-Excellent |
| Tin Salts | N/A |
| Toluene (Toluol) | A-Excellent |
| Tomato Juice | A-Excellent |
| Trichloroacetic Acid | D-Severe Effect |
| Trichloroethane | B-Good |
| Trichloroethylene | B-Good |
| Trichloropropane | A-Excellent |
| Tricresylphosphate | B-Good |
| Triethylamine | A-Excellent |
| Trisodium Phosphate | B-Good |
| Turpentine | A-Excellent |
| Urea | B-Good |
| Uric Acid | B-Good |
| Urine | A-Excellent |
| Varnish | A-Excellent |
| Vegetable Juice | A-Excellent |
| Vinegar | A-Excellent |
| Vinyl Acetate | B-Good |
| Vinyl Chloride | B2-Good |
| Water, Acid, Mine | B-Good |
| Water, Deionized | A1-Excellent |
| Water, Distilled | A-Excellent |
| Water, Fresh | A-Excellent |
| Water, Salt | B-Good |
| Weed Killers | A-Excellent |
| Whey | A-Excellent |
| Whiskey & Wines | A-Excellent |
| White Liquor (Pulp Mill) | A-Excellent |
| White Water (Paper Mill) | A-Excellent |
| Xylene | B-Good |
| Zinc Chloride | B-Good |
| Zinc Hydrosulfite | A-Excellent |
| Zinc Sulfate | B1-Good |
- May 22, 2020
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
Category : Info
Fluidize bed dryer (also called fluid bed dryer) is a kind of equipment used extensively in the pharmaceutical industries to reduce the moisture content of pharmaceutical powder and granules. The equipment works on a principle of fluidization of the feed materials. In fluidization process, hot air is introduced at high pressure through a perforated bed of moist solid particulate. The wet solids are lifted from the bottom and suspended in a stream of air (fluidized state). Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between the wet solid and hot gases. The vaporised liquid is carried away by the drying gasses. Sometimes to save energy, the exit gas is partially recycled.
A typical fluidized bed dryer consists of the following components
- Air preparatory unit.
- Product container.
- Exhaust filter.
- Exhaust blower.
- Control panel.
- Air distribution plate.
- Spray nozzle.
- Solution deliver.
The choice of distributor used during and drying process apart from ensuring uniform and stable fluidization also prevents
- Poor fluidization quality of solids in certain regions in the fluidized bed dryer.
- Plugging of distributor –perforated holes.
- Solids from dropping into wind box or gas plenum located beneath the fluidized bed.
The pressure drops across the distributor must be high enough to ensure good and uniform fluidization.
Contents
- 1 Parameters to be controlled in fluidized bed dryers (system)
- 2 Types of Fluidized-Bed Dryers
- 3 Advantages of Fluidized bed Dryer
- 4 Disadvantages of Fluidized Dryer
- 5 Reference
Parameters to be controlled in fluidized bed dryers (system)
In order to improve operation, efficiency, and reproducibility of a fluid bed dryer, some parameters need to be controlled. These parameters are categorized into:
- Apparatus parameters: Those controlled by the equipment.
- Process parameters: Those controlled by the process.
- Product parameters: Those controlled by the product.
Apparatus/Equipment Parameter
- Position of the air distribution plate: This parameter influences the pattern.
- Shape of the instrument: The annular based design gives a better product.
- Nozzle height: Nozzle height plays a vital role when fluidized bed dryer is used as a coating machine. The atomized coating solution should not get dried before reaching the tablet surface.
Process/Operating Parameter
- Temperature: Increased temperature leads to increased moisture diffusivity and hence increased drying rate and decreased drying time. The nature of the material plays an important role in choosing the operating temperature.
- Humidity: Faster drying is achieved when the moisture content of the inlet air is maintained at its minimum.
- Airflow rate/gas velocity: Increasing gas velocity increases drying rate but should be maintained at an optimized rate (not to fast or too slow). Gas velocity has no effect on particles with high internal resistance to moisture transfer.
Product Parameters
- Moisture content of the feed material.
- Feed rate/batch size.
- Product moisture content.
- Particle size, shape, and diameter.
Types of Fluidized-Bed Dryers
There are various types of fluidized bed dryer and an individual’s familiarity with the specific characteristics of these various types enables one to make a logical and cost-effective selection of fluidized bed dryer for a drying operation. In many instances, several different types may provide similar performance at the same cost. It should be noted also that not all modified fluidized bed dryers are necessarily better than the conventional dryers in terms of product quality, or energy efficiency, or drug performance.
Conventional Fluidized Bed Dryers
Conventional fluidized bed dryers include;
- Batch fluidized bed dryers.
- Semi-continuous fluidized bed dryers.
- Well-mixed, continuous fluidized dryers.
- Plug flow fluidized bed dryer.
Modified Fluidized Bed Dryers
Various types of modified fluidized bed dryers have been developed and are applied in many industrial processes to overcome some of the problems encountered while using conventional fluidized bed dryer and for a drying process. They include but not limited to
- Hybrid fluidized bed dryers
- Pulsating fluidized bed dryers
- Fluidized bed dryer with immersed heat exchange.
- Mechanically assisted fluidized bed dryer.
- Vibrated fluidized bed dryer.
- Agitated fluidized bed dryer/swirl fluidizers.
- Fluidized bed dryers of inert particles.
- Spouted bed dryer.
- Recirculating fluidized bed dryer.
- Jetting fluidized bed dryer.
- Superheated steam fluidized bed dryer.
- Fluidized bed freeze dryer.
- Heat pump fluidized dryers.
It should be noted that not all modified fluidized bed dryers are necessarily better than the conventional dryers
in terms of product quality, or energy efficiency, or drying performance.
Advantages of Fluidized bed Dryer
- High rates of moisture removal due to excellent gas-particle constant which results in high heat and mass transfer rates.
- High thermal efficiency is usually achieved if part of the thermal energy for drying is supplied by the internal heat exchanger
- Lower capital and maintenance cost
- Reduced contact time for drying.
- Ease of control.
Disadvantages of Fluidized Dryer
- High pressure drops results as a result of the need to suspend the entire bed in gas which equally leads to high energy consumption.
- Requires increased gas handling due to extensive recirculation of exhausts gas for high thermal efficiency operation.
- Poor fluidization and low flexibility especially if the feed is too wet.
- Not the best choice of equipment when organic solvents need to be removed during drying.
- Non-uniform product quality for certain types of fluidized bed dryer.
- Entertainment of fine particles.
- High potential for attrition; and in some cases agglomeration of fine particles.
- The conventional hot air fluidized bed dryer is not a good choice of dryer when handling toxic or flammable solids since there is danger of fire or explosion of flammability limits are exceeded.
Reference
- Arun S. Mujumdar (2015). Handbook of Industrial Drying. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, New York.
- May 9, 2020
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Spice Eto Sterilizer
Category : Info
Spice ETO Sterilizer
Spice ETO Sterilizer
We have carved a niche to be a reputed manufacturer associated with Spice ETO Sterilizer. Sterilization is the term for the elimination associated with microbial life, which includes fungi, bacteria, Trojans, spore forms, and many others. Present on a surface, contained inside a fluid, in drugs, or in a compound like biological culture media. Sterilization can be achieved by applying the correct combinations of warmth, chemicals, irradiation, questionable, and filtration.
The particular Spice ETO Sterilization Machine is equipped with automatic temperature command mechanism. In ETO sterilization bacteria die on the coagulation or denaturation with the protein constituents. Spice ETO Sterilizer contain primary variables including gas concentration, dampness, temperature and time period. Spice ETO Sterilizer assures that the safe and sterile product will likely be delivered to the esteemed client within the domestic and international market.
ETO may be the technology of preference for sterilizing in addition to pasteurizing spices. ABster Equipment may be the leading provider of contract ETO Sterilization services at a network of services nationwide.
Eo gas is then added and allowed to sit with the product. histrocaly the amount o Gas added was set to perticular weight. however the evolution of the process has gradually gone to adding gas to a validated pressure(concentration o gas).
during this “Sitting Phase” or “EO Gas Dwall Phase” the products abosrbs EO gas. to maintain the gas concentraion and offset the absorpation – additional gas is added.
Following the Gas Dwell phase a series of evecution and air imbleeds ocuur. This helps in the removal of the gas from the products. the products is then transered to an aeration Chamber or ROOm where EO (and Eo degradation products) dissipates safely fron the products. Depending on the nature of the products/packaging and aeration conditions theis gas dissipation period may last from several hours to weeks (and even moths).
APPLICATIONS OF ETHYLENE OXIDE STERILIZERS
- In hydration plants where (onion powder, onion flakes, garlic powder, garlic flakes.
- Products are manufactured and exported.
- In plywood industries where ply woods are sterilized against white ants and residual bacteria.
- In food industries where various seeds like sesame seeds are sterilized and exported. Wheat flour, grains, all types of spices etc.
- In pharmaceutical products, hospitals, Used in industries where all the food products are exported.
- IV Sets, IV Catheters, cannula, Syringes, Urine bags, blood bags.